Scientists Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun have been jointly awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Medicine for “the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.”
RNA or Ribonucleic Acid plays a key role in cell function. There is a messenger RNA or mRNA that directs the cells to make proteins using natural machinery.
The microRNA is a new class of tiny RNA molecules that play a crucial role in gene regulation. Gene regulation is basically the process by which cells control the expression of genes. It helps them decide which genes to turn on or off, and to what extent. This allows the cells to adapt to different environment, develop and grow and maintain cellular balance among other key functions.
Failure in gene regulation can cause mutations which can cause diseases and unregulated cell growth that can lead to cancer and even diabetes. Cells and tissues have been found to develop abnormally without microRNAs.
“Their groundbreaking discovery revealed a completely new principle of gene regulation that turned out to be essential for multicellular organisms, including humans,” a release from the Nobel committee said.
The finding also revealed an entirely new dimension to gene regulation and that microRNAs are proving to be fundamentally important for how organisms develop and function.
The discovery of the microRNA by Ambros and Ravkun was made in 1993 after years of research that started in the 1980s on a 1mm long roundworm. Thanks to their findings, scientists now know that gene regulation by microRNA has enabled the evolution of increasingly complex organisms and its abnormal regulation can cause many diseases. Besides, mutations in genes coding for microRNAs have caused congenital hearing loss, eye and skeletal disorders in humans.
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More about the Nobel Prize winners
Victor Ambros is Silverman Professor of Natural Science at the University of Massachusetts Medical School after serving as a Professor at Dartmouth Medical School from 1992-2007. After receiving his PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge in 1979, he also did postdoctoral research from 1979-1985 at the institution. He later became a Principal Investigator at Harvard University, Cambridge.
Gary Ruvkun is a Professor of Genetics at the Harvard Medical School. He has also worked as a Principal Investigator at Massachusetts General Hospital. Ruvkun received his PhD from Harvard University in 1982 and worked as a postdoctoral fellow at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge from 1982-1985.
The two scientists will share the award and approximately $1 million that comes with the diploma.
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